Software

Definition

Basic kinds

• System software: A set of programs that manage a computer’s resources, including operating systems (e.g. Linux, Windows) that enable interaction between the user and the hardware as well as management of memory, processes, and peripherals.
• Application software: Application programs, such as office software (e.g. Microsoft Office), graphics tools (e.g. Adobe Photoshop), and more sophisticated ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems for managing business processes.
• Specialised software: Dedicated solutions for specific industry sectors, such as CAD/CAM software for engineering design, SCADA systems for industrial automation, and medical software for patient data management.

Main roles

• Manufacturing: e.g. control and monitoring of production lines, performance and productivity measurements.
• Automotive: e.g. production, diagnostic, vehicle information applications.
• Transport and logistics: e.g. transport management and product tracking.
• Retail: e.g. inventory management, supply chain optimisation, reduction of operating costs.
• Public sector: e.g. collection of breakdown data.
• All industries: use of analytical software with AI elements, use of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), use of cloud computing, requesting human resources, invoice accounting.

Basic elements

• Operating systems: Basic software that manages computer resources.
• Databases: Data management and storage software, such as SQL Server or Oracle Database.
• User interfaces: Graphical and text-based user interface environments (GUIs).
• Network software: Systems that manage data flow in computer networks.
• Data analysis tools: Software for real-time collection, processing, and analysis of data (e.g. Hadoop, Tableau).

Mechanism of action

• The software converts input data into specific outputs according to a set of predefined rules, algorithms, and procedures. The primary task of the software is to mediate between the user, hardware, and complex information systems that perform a variety of operations depending on the purpose of the application.
• Input processing: The software receives input from users (e.g. command input or data for analysis) or from peripherals (e.g. sensors, cameras, or scanners). Data is then interpreted by algorithms that perform data processing according to the logic of the program. Examples include entering data in an ERP system to generate financial reports or controlling a robot in a manufacturing process.
• System resource management: The software manages the computer’s hardware resources, such as the processor, memory, disk space, and peripherals, to ensure optimal execution of operations. The operating system plays a key role in this process, coordinating the allocation of resources for various applications and processes running simultaneously. As part of this mechanism, the software optimises resource consumption, ensuring system stability and performance.
• Algorithm and procedure processing: The main logic of the software, based on a set of algorithms, is responsible for performing the key tasks of the application. Algorithms can be simple, such as mathematical calculations, or more advanced, such as those used in Artificial intelligence, data analysis, or digital twin simulations. Algorithms are programmed to perform operations in the most efficient way, taking into account data complexity and hardware limitations.
• Interaction with the user and other systems: The software allows users to interact through graphical or text-based user interfaces (GUIs). Users can enter data, select options, and receive feedback in the form of results, reports, or visualisations. The software can also integrate with other systems through network protocols, APIs, or other communication mechanisms, enabling data exchange and collaboration between different platforms.
• Output processing and result management: After processing the input data, the results are generated and transmitted to the user or other systems. These can be various types of reports, visualisations, and messages controlling machines or other external systems. The results are then used to make further decisions, automate processes, or inform users about the status of the system.
• Monitoring and updating: The software often runs continuously, monitoring system and data status in real time. In the case of software that controls production processes, the software automatically responds to changing conditions and adjusts the operation of the system (e.g. by reducing production power or changing the parameters of machine operation). In addition, update mechanisms enable patches, new features, and enhancements to ensure consistent performance and secure operations.