Microprocessor manufacturing is the process of creating data processing units, starting with the design of the logic circuit using CAD tools. The design is transferred to silicon substrates by lithography, creating structures with billions of transistors. The process requires advanced techniques, such as ion implantation, chemical etching, and CVD/PVD deposition of layers. Factories must meet cleanliness standards (ISO 5). Modern technologies such as EUV enable the development of structures below 7 nm, which increases computing power with less energy consumption.
Microprocessor Manufacturing
Type of technology
Description of the technology
Basic elements
- Silicon substrates: They must be of high purity, controlled crystallographic orientation, and stable physicochemical properties.
- Lithographic lines (EUV): They make it possible to create structures below 7 nm, which increases efficiency and reduces energy consumption.
- Etching and coating equipment (CVD/PVD): It ensures precise application of films at the atomic level.
- Cleanrooms: Production is carried out in rooms of ISO Class 5 or higher, ensuring that contamination is minimised.
- Assembly technologies (Flip-Chip, TSV): They improve performance and heat dissipation in finished circuits.
Industry usage
- Microprocessors are used in computers, smartphones, automation systems, ADAS, 5G networks, medical devices, and implants. In industry, they control machines. In the defence sector, they are responsible for processing data in control systems.
Importance for the economy
Microprocessor manufacturing is crucial for electronics, automotive, medicine, automation, and digital technologies, such as AI and IoT. Due to barriers to entry, the market is dominated by a few producers, which creates economic and strategic dependencies. Microprocessor manufacturing is a priority for countries seeking technological independence.
Related technologies
Mechanism of action
- The manufacturing process begins with the logic design of the circuit, transfer to silicon substrates by lithography, and deposition of conductive (e.g. copper) and insulating layers. This requires precision at the nanometer level. The finished microprocessors are secured (encapsulation) and tested for compliance with the parameters.
Advantages
- Advanced processors enable the development of energy-efficient devices and applications, such as AI and quantum computing. The microprocessor manufacturing stimulates economic growth and job creation and reduces dependence on foreign providers, which strengthens economic security.
Disadvantages
- High costs of developing new lithographic technologies, risk of defects, and dependence on global supply chains. The branch is concentrated, leading to the risk of monopolisation and destabilisation in the event of raw material shortages.
Implementation of the technology
Required resources
- Semiconductor substrates: Clean at the atomic level.
- Chemicals: Fluoride, acids, and reactive gases.
- Precision equipment: Lithography, etching, and application of films.
- Quality management systems: Optical scanners and electron microscopes.
- Qualified staff: Specialists in lithography and nanotechnology.
Required competences
- Knowledge of lithography: EUV and layering techniques.
- Materials engineering: Properties of semiconductors.
- Chemical process management: Chemical control.
- IC design: EDA tools.
- Quality control and metrology: Measurement techniques.
Environmental aspects
- Water consumption: High water consumption for cleaning silicon substrates and other processes.
- Energy consumption: High energy demand due to advanced manufacturing techniques (e.g. EUV, CVD/PVD).
- Emissions of pollutants: Emissions of reactive gases (e.g. hydrogen fluoride) and toxic chemicals during etching and film deposition processes.
- Waste generated: Toxic chemical waste requiring neutralisation and specialised disposal.
- Raw material consumption: Use of silicon, rare earth metals, and other high-purity materials.
- Recycling: Difficulties in recycling due to the complex structure of microprocessors and the use of numerous materials.
- Other: The high precision and cleanliness of the manufacturing process require advanced air purification systems.
Legal conditions
- Environmental standards: REACH, RoHS – regulations for emissions and waste management.
- Cleanliness standards: ISO 14644 for clean manufacturing rooms.
- Safety standards: Standards for the protection of workers from chemicals and emissions of reactive gases.
- Intellectual property: Technology patents on microprocessor architecture and manufacturing processes.
- Export regulations: ITAR – restrictions on exports of advanced semiconductor technologies.
- Data security: Cybersecurity standards for processors designed to process sensitive information.
- Other: Regulations for occupational health and safety in the context of exposure to chemicals.