3D modelling is the process of creating digital representations of objects in three-dimensional space. Modelling can include both solid objects, which have defined volume and mass, and surface objects, which define only the external shape, without mass. 3D models are used in many applications, such as industrial design, architecture, engineering, animation, and 3D printing. Modelling techniques include various methods for creating geometry, such as parametric, solid, surface, and mesh modelling.
3D Modeling (Solid and Surface)
Type of technology
Description of the technology
Basic elements
- Solid models: Digital representations of objects with full description of their volume and internal shape.
- Surface models: Representations that describe only the surface of an object, without its internal structure.
- Parametric modelling: Geometry based on variables that can be modified to adjust the shape.
- Mesh modelling: Representation of objects using meshes composed of triangles or polygons.
- Organic modelling: A method of creating free-form shapes, such as characters or biological elements, used mainly in computer graphics.
Industry usage
- Automotive industry: Design of automotive parts and body components.
- Architecture: Creating building models and landscapes for project visualisation.
- Medicine: Modelling of implants and medical devices.
- Entertainment: Creating animation and special effects in films and video games.
- Aviation: Design of aircraft engine parts and aircraft structures.
Importance for the economy
3D modelling plays a key role in design and manufacturing processes in many industries, such as automotive, aerospace, architecture, medicine, and entertainment. It enables rapid prototyping, testing, and modification of designs before physical execution, resulting in cost savings and increased innovation. Combined with 3D printing, 3D modelling makes it possible to create complex shapes and components that would be difficult or impossible to produce with traditional manufacturing methods.
Related technologies
Automation
Integration of 3D models with VR for visualisation and interaction in a virtual environment.
Mechanism of action
- 3D modelling is based on defining the shapes, structures, and geometric properties of objects in three-dimensional space. The process begins with the creation of basic geometry, which is then modified with tools for deformation, extrusion, scaling, and combining surfaces and solids. Parametric modelling enables precise definition of dimensions and relationships between different model elements. Once the model is complete, it is possible to apply materials, textures, and animations, which enables the design to be visualised before it is physically implemented or 3D printed.
Advantages
- Reducing design time: Automating modelling processes speeds up project development time.
- Precision fit: Parametric models enable accurate representation of geometry.
- Design visualisation: Ability to visualise and analyse designs prior to physical production.
- Integration with 3D printing: Spatial models can be directly used for 3D printing.
- Design optimisation: Increasing the efficiency and durability of designed components.
Disadvantages
- Complexity: Complex 3D models can be difficult to edit and require advanced knowledge.
- Design errors: Even small errors in the model can lead to problems in production.
- Software licence costs: Advanced 3D modelling tools can be expensive.
- High hardware requirements: Creating complex models requires hardware with high computing power.
- Protection of intellectual property: 3D models can be easily copied and distributed without the owner’s permission.
Implementation of the technology
Required resources
- Complexity: Complex 3D models can be difficult to edit and require advanced knowledge.
- Design errors: Even small errors in the model can lead to problems in production.
- Software licence costs: Advanced 3D modelling tools can be expensive.
- High hardware requirements: Creating complex models requires hardware with high computing power.
- Protection of intellectual property: 3D models can be easily copied and distributed without the owner’s permission.
Required competences
- Knowledge of CAD/CAE software: Ability to work with advanced 3D design tools.
- Mechanical engineering: Knowledge of the design of mechanical components.
- Creating parametric models: Ability to build geometry based on variables and parameters.
- Structural analysis: Ability to assess the strength and behaviour of modelled objects.
- 3D visualisation: Ability to create realistic visualisations of models.
Environmental aspects
- Energy consumption: High energy demand when running advanced software.
- Recycling: Difficulties in recovering materials from failed 3D printed prototypes.
- Emissions of pollutants: Emissions from the operation of computers and 3D printing equipment.
- Resource consumption: High demand for raw materials used to create consumables.
- Waste generated: Problems with disposal of unused or expired printing materials.
Legal conditions
- Protection of intellectual property: 3D design protection and copyright laws to prevent copying and unauthorised use of models.
- 3D printing regulations: Regulations for the use of 3D printing in various industries, such as medicine, the defence industry, and aviation, including restrictions on the production of weapons using 3D printers.
- User safety: Standards for the use of printed components in devices that must meet certain safety standards.
- Data management and compliance: Regulations for storing, sharing, and exporting CAD/CAE files that may contain protected technical information, such as ITAR in the US.
- Certification and quality control: Regulatory requirements for certification of materials and 3D printing processes, especially in aerospace and medical sector.